Agriculture field Mishra

                 Lecture: 7       Soil Texture      Physical properties (mechanical behaviour) of a soil greatly influence its use and behaviour towards plant growth. The plant support, root penetration, drainage, aeration, retention of moisture, and plant nutrients are linked with the physical condition of the soil. Physical properties also influence the chemical and biological behaviour of soil. The physical properties of a soil depend on the amount, size, shape, arrangement and mineral composition of its particles. These properties also depend on organic matter content and pore spaces.   Important physical properties of soils.  1. Soil texture,.                    2. Soil structure 3. Surface area.                    4. Soil density,.      5. Soil porosity,                     6.Soil colour, 7.Soil consistence  Soil texture   Definition   Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of particles or it is the relative percentage by weight of the three soil separates viz., sand, sil

              Components of soil Mineral soil consists of four major components i.e., inorganic or mineral materials, organic matter, water and air. In a representative loam surface soil, the solid mineral particles comprise about 45% of the soil volume and organic matter 5%. At optimum moisture for plant growth, the pore space is divided roughly in half, 25 %, of volume being water space and 25 % air. The proportions of air and water are subjected to rapid and great fluctuations. The four soil components occur in a thoroughly mixed condition in soil and this mixture encourages interactions within and between the groups and permits marked variations in the environment for the growth of plants.  The proportion of different components in the diagram depicts the good soil condition for plant growth (Loam surface soil).The air and water are extremely variable and their proportions determine in large degree the soil’s suitability for the plant growth.  Mineral Matter: -                    

          Horticulture Notes                    Pomology        BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF FRUIT CROPS FAMILY             COMMON                 NAME Bromeliaceace Musaceae Arecaeae Actinidiaceae Anacardiaceae Pineapple Banana Datepalm Kiwi Mango Annonaceae Custard apple Apocynaceae Caricaceae Diileniaceae Euphorbiaceae Karonda Papaya Elephant apple Aonla Star gooseberry Clusiaceae Mango-steen Lauraceae Malhighiacae Moraceae Avocado Barbados cherry Jack fruit Monkey Jack Fig Mulberry 1 SCIENTIFIC NAME CHROMOSOME NO. 2n 1. Monocots Ananas comosus Musas balbisiana Phoenix dactylifera 2. Dicots Antinidia deliciosa Mangifera Indica Annona squamosal Carissa carandas Carica papaya Dillenia indica Emblica officinalis Phyllanthus acidus Garcinia mangostana Persea Americana Malphigia punicifolia Artocarpus heterophylla Artocarpus lakoocha Ficus carica Morus alba 40 56 56 26 308 18 28 28 24 Tropical America South East Asia South East Asia Madagascar Malayan Archipelogo Central America Trinidad

         B.Sc. (Hons) Forestry HBB 113              Plant Biochemistry 2(1+1) Theory   Chemistry of carbohyd rates – classification,mono, diandpoly saccharides, anomerism, epimerism, mutarotation, configuration of sugarsandin version. Chemistry of lipids–classification, simple lipids and phosph or lipids. Fatty acids and fat constants, lipids of chloroplast, membrane lipids. Chemistry amino acids, peptides and proteins, classification, levels of protein structure. Chemistry of nucleic acids–bases, sugars, Nuc nzymes –classification, enzymekinetics, enzyme inhibition, allosteric enzymes, lysozymes, coenzymes. Metabolism of carbohydrates – glycolysis, TCAcycle, HMPshunt, glyoxy licacidcycle, electron transport chain. Lipids metabolism–beta oxidation and fatty acid biosynthesis. Photosynthesis – light reaction, dark reaction, Hill’s reaction, photo respiration, C4 pathway, C3 and C4 plants, CO2 fixation, regulation of photosyn thesis. Plant hormones and their mode of action. Practical  Qu

                      *MYRTACEAE * Distribution :-                           The family comprises 114 genera and about 3000 species widely distributed in tropical regions of the world. In India, 14 genera and about 165 species are found. Common examples are Callistemon, Eugenia, Eucalyptus, Psidium, Syzygium etc. Eugenia(600 species), Eucalyptus (500 species) and Syzygium (300 species) are some large genera of the family.  Salient feature : -                                 Plants are mostly trees or shrubs with aromatic fragrance.   Leaves: -                   Leaves are simple, entire, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, mostly opposite (Psidium), rarely alternate (Eucaplyptus) and with oil glands.   Description :-                         Flowers are insect pollinated. The insects are attracted by nectar – secreting disc around the ovary. Seeds are dispersed by winds, birds or animals. In Callistemon, flowers are pollinated by birds.   Inflorescence : -                              May b

 🌍 ऑस्ट्रेलिया ✨ ‘ऑस्ट्रेलिया’ (Australia) शब्द की उत्पत्ति लैटिन शब्द ‘ऑस्ट्रलिज़’ (Australis) से हुई है, जिसका अर्थ है – दक्षिणी (Southern). ✨ ऑस्ट्रेलिया एकमात्र ऐसा स्थान है, जो एक साथ एक महाद्वीप, द्वीप और राष्ट्र है. ✨ ऑस्ट्रेलिया दुनिया का सबसे छोटा महाद्वीप है और सबसे बड़ा द्वीप है. ✨ ऑस्ट्रेलिया का दो तिहाई हिस्सा पठारी है, जिसे ‘वेस्टर्न पठार’ कहा जाता है. यहाँ अत्यंत कम वर्षा होती है. ✨ ऑस्ट्रेलिया का पूर्वी हिस्सा केप यार्क से तस्मानिया द्वीप तक उच्च भूमि की श्रृंखला से ढका है, जो ‘ग्रेट डिविज़निंग रेंज’ के नाम से जाना जाता है. ✨ ऑस्ट्रेलिया के मूल-निवासी अंग्रेजों के आने के लगभग 65,000 वर्ष पहले से यहाँ निवास कर रहे थे. ✨ 26 जनवरी 1788 को अंग्रेजों ने ऑस्ट्रेलिया में अपना पहला उपनिवेश स्थापित किया. आज भी यह दिन ऑस्ट्रेलिया के राष्ट्रीय दिन (Australia’s National Day) के रूप में मनाया जाता है. ✨ब्रिटिश यात्री मैथ्यू फ्लिंडर्स (Matthew Flinders) ने 1804 में इस महाद्वीप के लिए Terra Australia नाम प्रस्तावित किया था, जो कालांतर में वर्तमान में प्रयुक्त नाम Australia बना Australia

                  Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates hamare sharir ke liye bahut zaroori hain. Carbohydrates hamare sharir ko urja dete hain aur hamare dimag aur manspeshiyon ko sahi se kaam karne me madad karte hain. Carbohydrates do prakar ke hote hain: simple aur complex. Simple carbohydrates jaldi se pach jaate hain aur hamare khoon me glucose ki matra badha dete hain. Simple carbohydrates me shakkar, shahad, phal aur doodh jaise khadya padarth shamil hain. Simple carbohydrates ko hamari body ko turant urja dene ke liye istemal kiya ja sakta hai. Complex carbohydrates dheere se pach jaate hain aur hamare khoon me glucose ki matra ko sthir rakhte hain. Complex carbohydrates me gehun, jau, chawal, makka aur sabji jaise khadya padarth shamil hain. Complex carbohydrates ko hamari body ko lambe samay tak urja dene ke liye istemal kiya ja sakta hai. Carbohydrates ka sahi matra me sevan karna hamare swasthya ke liye labhkari hai. Carbohydrates hamare sharir ko poshan dete hain aur hamare bhojan

 ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬   🔰    भारत के सभी राज्यों के स्थापना दिवस     🔰  ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1. अरुणाचल प्रदेश 👉 20 फरवरी, 1987 2. असम 26 👉 01 जनवरी 1950 3. आंध्र प्रदेश 👉 01 नवंबर 1956 4. उड़ीसा 👉 01 अप्रैल 1936 5. उत्तर प्रदेश 👉 26 जनवरी 1950 6. उत्तराखंड 👉 09 नवंबर 2000 7. कर्नाटक 👉 01 नवंबर 1956 8. केरल 👉 1 नवंबर 1956 9. गुजरात 👉 1 मई 1960 10. गोवा 👉 30 मई 1987 11. छत्तीसगढ़ 👉 01 नवंबर 2000 12. जम्मू और कश्मीर व लद्दाख 👉 26 जनवरी 1950 (अब (UN) केन्द्र  शासित हैं)। 13. झारखंड 👉 15 नवंबर 2000 14. तमिलनाडु 👉 26 जनवरी 1950 15. तेलंगाना 👉 02 जून 2014 16. त्रिपुरा 👉 21 जनवरी 1972 17. नागालैंड 👉 01 दिसंबर 1963 18. पंजाब 👉 01 नवंबर 1966 19. पश्चिम बंगाल 👉 01 नवंबर 1956 20. बिहार 👉 01 अप्रैल 1912 21. मणिपुर 👉 21 जनवरी 1972 22. मध्यप्रदेश 👉 01 नवंबर 1956 23. महाराष्ट्र 👉 1 मई 1960 24. मिजोरम 👉 20 फ़रवरी 1987 25. मेघालय 👉 21 जनवरी 1972 26. राजस्थान 👉 01 नवंबर 1956 27. सिक्किम 👉 16 मई 1975 28. हरियाणा 👉 01 नवंबर 1966 29. हिमाच