Agriculture field Mishra

  No. Social Media 1. YouTube 2. Practical Kabbadi 3. Biochemistry lab

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  Orchard refers to an area where intensive cultivation of fruit crops is done. Or it is an area where fruit crops like mango, citrus, papaya, banana etc. are cultivated. Or it is an enclosed area where a fruit /group of fruit trees are grown. Establishment of orchard is a long term investment. It is require a proper planning, any mistake during the selection of site, planting distance, choice of crop/variety, quality of nursery stock etc. reflect greatly on the orchard performance and efficiency. Orcharding: Refers to growing of fruit plants in an orderly manner and maintain them for successive economic returns. Garden: The term garden refers to fruit farm, where sophisticated agro-techniques are employed for commercial cultivation e.g. Vineyard/vinery- grape garden, Pinery- Pineapple, OrangeryOrange garden Plantation: Refers to a fairly large area where cultivation is done with a particular type of fruit crop e.g. Mango plantation, apple plantation, coconut plantation etc. Estate: Re

 • A stem:  It develops from the plumule.  is generally considered to be the central axis of theplant.  supports the leavesand flowers of a plant.  has nodes from which new shoots and sometimes new roots canarise.  is usually found above- ground, but can bemodified and found below-ground as well.The Plant Body: StemsExternal Stem Structures - Apical meristem - growing point at the tip of the stem - Terminal bud - bud at the end of the stem The apical meristem is the same type of structure as that found on the tip of the root, and it is responsible for growth in the length of the plant.External Stem Structures (cont.)  Node = where leaf is attached to stem  Internode = area between leaves (two nodes)  Lateral bud = side bud - at node, just above where the leaf is attached  Bud scales = small protective structures, on outside of terminal and lateral buds  Leaf scar = Small scar just below the lateral bud from when the leaf falls off of the stem  Bundle scars: are the broken en

 FOREST (वन): forest is derived from latin word “Foris”, meaning outside the village boundary. Generally forest refers to an area with different kinds of trees, shrubs, herbs/grasses and wildlife. Definitions: 1. Technically, forest is defined as an area set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for certain indirect benefits which it provides (eg climatic or protective). 2. Ecologically, forest is defined as plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation usually with a closed canopy. 3. Legally, forest is an area of land proclaimed to be a forest under forest law. Forestry (वािनकी): defined as the theory and practice of all that constitutes the creation, conservation and scientific management of forests and the utilization of their resources. Forestry is applied science, which is concerned with  Cultivation of forest crop  Protection of forest crop  Conservation of forest crop  Management of forest crop

 14. DIPTEROCARPACEAE Distribution: The family consists of about18 genera and 450 species distributed majorly in tropical Asia and Indo Malaysia, with a lesser representation in tropical Africa and South America. The largest genera are Shorea (150 species) and Dipterocarpus (75 species). There are 5genera and 34 species found in India. The five generas are Dipterocarpus, Hopea, Shorea, Vateria and Vatica. Salient feature: The word Dipterocarpus derived from Greek word Di means two, Pteron means wings and karpos means fruit referring to the two winged fruit.Trees, small to large with buttressed bases and smooth unbranched trunks up to the crown, all tissues have special resin Canals. Description: Flowers are complete, fragrant; leafs are alternately arranged; calyx is wing shaped at maturity; placentation is axile. Leaves: Leaves alternate, simple, generally evergreen, entire, stipules present frequently with special depressions known as domatia, which sometimes housing small insects or

 13. STERCULIACEAE Distribution: The family is represented by 50 genera and 750 species distributed mainly in tropical parts of the world. In India, some 18 genera and over 90 species are found in tropical parts and Himalayas. Common Indian examples are Heritiera littoralis (Sundari, the Sundarban is named after this tree), Ptetospermum acerifolium, Guazuma ulmifolia, Helicteres isora, Dombeya mastersii etc. Salient feature: Pollination and dispersal Flowers show entomophily and seeds show anemochory (winged seeds) or Zoochory. Description:Vegetative characters such as, plants are usually softwood trees or shrubs rarely herbs (Pentapetes) or climbers (Buettneria species). Young parts are often stellate - tomentose. Flowers unisexual or bisexual; calyx colored in Sterculia; staminodes present; placentation is axile. Leaves: Leaves are alternate, simple, entire or palmately lobed or Digitate (e.g Sterculia). Stipules are present and caducous. Inflorescence: Flowers are found arranged in

 12. MALVACEAE Distribution: The family comprises 197 genera and about 2865 species spread over tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Some 22 general and 110 species are found in India. Common forms in the country are Hibiscus, Malva, Althaea, Gossypium, Abutilon, Sida, Malachra, Malvastrum etc. Hibiscus (300 species) and Sida (200 species) are some large genera. Salient feature: Protandrous flowers; leaves with alternate arrangement; flowers are hypogynous with epicalyx; androecium shows monoadelphous condition; placentation is axile. Description: Vegetative characters of the family shows thatplants are mainly herbs rarely shrubs (Hibiscus) or woody trees (Kydia and Thespesia). Stem is erect, jointed, cylindrical, branched, solid and hairy. Flowers are mostly protandrous and insect pollinated. Seeds are dispersed by air (gossypium), animals (abutilon) or water. Leaves: Leaves are alternate, stipulate simple with multicostate reticulate venation. Stipules are free and often ca

 11. Tiliaceae Distribution: The family comprises 41 genera and 400 species distributed in tropical and temperate parts of the world common examples like Grewia, Tilia, Muntigera and Berria grown in tropical parts of India. Corchorus species are commercially grown in North Eastern part of the country. Salient feature: Flowers are insect pollinated (entomophilous) and are usually protandrous. Fruits and seeds are dispersed by animals (zoochory). Description: Plants are mostly trees or shrubs rarely herbs (Corchorus species); leaves are stipulate; flower is complete, hypogynous; calyx represented by 5 sepals; corolla is sepaloid; polyadelphous condition is seen with gynandrophore occurrence; placentation is axile. Leaves: Leaves are usually alternate, rarely opposite, simple, entire or toothed, stipulate or exstipulate. Stipules are free and often caducous. Inflorescence: Often arranged in axillary or terminal cyme rarely axillary as in Elaeocarpus. Flowers:Flowers are complete bisexual

 10. ANACARDIACEAE Distribution: The family has 77 genera and about 600 species (22 genera and 110 species in India)foundin tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The common plant of the family are Mangifera, Anacardium, Rhus, Buchnania etc. Mangifera indica mango is grown in most part of the country and Anacardium occidentale(cashew nut) occurs in wet western coastal reasons of India. Salient feature: plants are trees or a shrub, rarely woody vines containing resin passages plenty of gum and acrid juice. Flowers are entomophillous. Seeds are disperaed by animals or human agencies. Description: Usually trees; flower is bracteate andcomplete, with a cup shaped disc; calyx and corolla are free, staminodes present; placentation is parietal type. Leaves:Leaves are simple or pinnate, alternate or rarely opposite (Bouea) and exstipulate. Inflorescence: Anaxiliary or terminal cymose panicle. Flowers: Bracteate, small and numerous, actinomorphic bisexual or polygamous and hypogynous or

 9. SAPINDACEAE Distribution:The family with its 92 genera and 900 species is widely distributed in tropical regions of the world. In India, it is fairly represented by 24 genera and 72 species common examples like Litchi sinensis, Aesculus indica, Sapindus muskorossi and species of Acer, mainly found in western Himalayas. Litchi and Sapindusare grown in most part of the country. Salient feature: Plants are trees or herbs rarely Woody Vines (Cardiospermum) climbs by tendrils or modified in inflorescence axes; stem has resin passages with plenty of gum. Description:Stem shows of extra stelar vascular bundles (anamalous condition); leaves are pinnately compound, exstipulate; flower complete and hypogynous; calyx and corolla are free; extra stamina disc is found in form of a gland; placentation is axile. Leaves: Leaves are alternate or rarely opposite (Acer) usually pinnately compound, rarely ternate and very simple (Cardiospermum), palmately lobed (Acer) or digitate (Aescules). Exstipula

 8. RUTACEAE Distribution: The family contains of 162 genera and 1650 species widely distributed in the tropical and sub tropical regions of the world. In India, 23 genera with 70 species are found with common examples as Citrus, Aegle, Murraya, Feronia, Atlantia etc. Zanthoxylum (200 species), Agathosma (180 species and Citrus (65 species) are some large genera of the family. Salient feature: The presence of pellucid glands filled with essential oils is a characteristic feature of the plants. Flowers are protandrous and insect pollinated. Seeds are dispersed by human agency and animals. Description: Plants may be herbs, shrubs (Murraya) or trees (Aegle, Citrus, Feronia) and are often armed; leaves exstipulate, winged petiole present; flower complete; stamens twice the number of petals, gynophores is present; placentation is axile. Leaves: Leaves are opposite and alternate, exstipulate and simple (Calodendron, Diosnia) or compound, trifoliate (Aegle and Triphasia) or pinnately compound

 HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Horticultural Institute • Central Institute of Horticulture (CIH), Mediziphema, Nagaland • Institute of Horticulture Technology (IHT), New Delhi • Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessarghatta, Bangalore, Karnataka • National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resource Center (NBPGR), New Delhi • National Horticultural Board (NHB) established in 1984, HQ in Gurgaon, Haryana • National Horticultural Mission (NHM): 2005-06 2 FSSAI-2005-oC Pomological Research Institutes: • Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture (CISTH), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh • Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (CITH), Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir • Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI ), Jodhpur, Rajasthan • Central Institute of Arid Horticulture (CIAH) (Previously, NRC for Arid Horticulture), Bikaner, Rajasthan • National Research Centre for Banana (NRCB), Trichy, Tamil Nadu • National Research Centre for Citrus (NRCC), Nagpur, Maharashtra • National Resea

 Lecture: 4 Minerals and their classification Minerals Minerals are naturally occurring solids with a definite chemical composition and crystal structure. “Solid substances composed of atoms having an orderly and regular arrangement”. When molten magma solidifies, different elements present in them freely arrange in accordance with the attractive forces and geometric form. Silica tetrahedron is the fundamental building blocks for the formation of different minerals. (SiO2). Different silicate minerals are ortho silicates, ino-silicates, phyllosilicates and tectosilicates. There are nonsilicate minerals also. These are different oxides, carbonates, sulphates, phosphates etc. Minerals that are original components of rocks are called primary minerals. (feldspar, mica, etc.). Minerals that are formed from changes in primary minerals and rocks are called secondary minerals (clay minerals). Those minerals that are chief constituents of rocks are called as essential minerals (Feldspars, pyrox